However, improvements and new developments are needed to improve the accuracy of the turbulence models for wall bounded flows with separation in the presence of adverse pressure gradients, and for flows with rotation and curvature (RC) such as those encountered in turbomachinery, centrifugal pumps and the rotating machinery in other industrial devices. Currently the one-equation (namely the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) and Wray-Agarwal (WA) and two-equation (namely the k-ε and Shear Stress Transport k-ω) turbulence models remain the most widely used models in industry. In almost all industrial applications, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in conjunction with a turbulence model are employed for simulation and prediction of turbulent flows. The accurate prediction of turbulent flows to date remains a challenging problem in CFD. In majority of the applications, the fluid flow is generally turbulent. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is increasingly playing a significant role in the analysis and design of aircrafts, turbomachines, automobiles, and in many other industrial applications.
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